Native Wildflowers of Wisconsin: Search results for SF

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Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor)

Field thistle is a native biennial of eastern and central North America, including Wisconsin. It typically stands three to seven feet tall on upright, hairy stems that may branch near the top. The flower heads are one and a half to two inches across, composed entirely of tubular disc florets in soft pink to lavender, occasionally white. Each head sits in a bracted, fish‑scale‑like cup tipped with bent spines. The leaves are deeply lobed and spiny, up to nine inches long and three inches wide, with a distinctive white underside from dense hairs. Stems are hairy but not spiny.

Field thistle is often mistaken for aggressive non‑native thistles such as Cirsium vulgare, but its behavior is entirely different. It grows in open, sunny habitats—moist to dry prairies, pastures, savannas, roadsides, and forest edges—without overwhelming its neighbors. It reseeds readily, helping stabilize disturbed soils and supporting restoration in fragmented landscapes.

Ecologically, field thistle is one of the most generous native thistles. Its late‑season blooms draw bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. Goldfinches rely on its seeds and use its silky down to line their nests. Painted lady butterflies lay eggs on the plant, and their caterpillars feed on its leaves. In native gardens and prairie remnants, field thistle offers both beauty and function, quietly supporting a wide community of insects and birds.

Sources:

Flora of North America – Cirsium discolor

USDA Plants Database – Cirsium discolor

Illinois Wildflowers – Field Thistle

Minnesota Wildflowers – Field

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Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum)

Cup plant is a strong supporter of prairie biodiversity. Its water-holding leaf cups and seeds draw in birds, while its abundant nectar and pollen support a wide array of native bees, butterflies, and beetles. The plant’s sturdy stems and late-season blooms provide critical structure and forage in restored prairies, wetlands, and riparian buffers. As a deep-rooted perennial, it also contributes to soil stabilization and carbon sequestration, making it a valuable ally in ecological restoration and climate resilience.

Cup plant is a native of eastern North America, including Wisconsin. It usually grows six to eight feet tall, bearing numerous two to three-inch, yellow flowers. Each flower head has 20 to 30 yellow rays and darker yellow disks. Leaves often more than ten inches long are joined at the stem to form a small cup. Cup plant thrives in moist, well‑drained soils along prairie edges, stream corridors, and floodplain openings, doing best in full sun but tolerating partial shade.

Sources:

Prairie Moon Nursery — Silphium perfoliatum

USDA PLANTS Database — Silphium perfoliatum

Flora of North America — Silphium perfoliatum

Illinois Wildflowers — Cup Plant

Wisconsin State Herbarium — Silphium perfoliatum

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Meadow Blazing Star (Liatris ligulistylis)

Meadow Blazing Star (Liatris ligulistylis)

Meadow blazing star (Liatris ligulistylis) is a tall, showy prairie perennial, usually two to five feet high on slender, erect stems that may be green to reddish and lightly hairy. Its flower heads are one to about one and a quarter inches wide, each composed of thirty to one hundred pinkish‑purple disc florets. These heads form a loose raceme along the upper stem, giving the plant its feathery, thistle‑like appearance. Leaves are alternate and lance‑shaped, four to eight inches long and up to one and a half inches wide, with sparse white hairs and a smooth texture. Basal leaves are larger and more oblanceolate; upper leaves narrow and become sessile.

Meadow blazing star thrives in full sun and well‑drained soils—especially sandy, loamy, or rocky substrates. It is most common in prairies, meadows, and streambanks across the Midwest. Its nectar‑rich flowers are especially attractive to monarchs during late‑summer migration.

Source‑title list

Flora of North America – Liatris ligulistylis

USDA Plants Database – Liatris ligulistylis

Illinois Wildflowers – Meadow Blazing Star

Minnesota Wildflowers – Meadow Blazing Star

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Purple Giant Hyssop

Purple Giant Hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia)

Purple giant hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia) is a tall, native mint‑family perennial of eastern North America, usually reaching four to six feet. It grows in upright clumps on square stems that may show purplish tones and light hair. The flower spikes range from one to six inches long and carry many small tubular blossoms in pale purple to lavender. Each flower has a two‑lobed upper lip, a three‑lobed lower lip, and four stamens that extend beyond the corolla. Leaves are opposite, sharply pointed, and borne on short stalks. They are up to four inches long and two inches wide, with coarsely toothed margins and short hairs on the petioles.

Purple giant hyssop favors moist, sandy or loamy soils in partial shade. It grows along woodland edges, in thickets, upland woods, and disturbed floodplain margins. Because it is sensitive to competition, it often persists where light disturbance keeps surrounding vegetation open.

Source‑title list

Flora of North America – Agastache scrophulariifolia

USDA Plants Database – Agastache scrophulariifolia

Illinois Wildflowers – Purple Giant Hyssop

Minnesota Wildflowers – Purple Giant Hyssop

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Wild Cucumber

Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)

Wild cucumber is a native annual vine in the gourd family, common across Wisconsin in moist, sunny places such as streambanks, swamps, thickets, and roadside ditches. In late summer it becomes suddenly visible, draping trees and shrubs with pale, star‑shaped flowers that seem to float above the foliage. The plant germinates each spring after frost, rising on fleshy, grooved stems that can reach twenty to thirty feet. Its leaves are large and palmate, with three to five pointed lobes, arranged alternately along long petioles. From each leaf axil, three‑pronged tendrils curl outward and anchor the vine to nearby vegetation.

Flowering begins in mid‑summer. The yellowish‑white blooms are fragrant and borne in long racemes. Wild cucumber is monoecious: male flowers form showy clusters with six narrow petals, while female flowers are fewer and marked by a small, spiny ovary beneath the petals. Once pollinated, these ovaries swell into the plant’s distinctive fruit—a puffy green pod covered in soft spines. Though cucumber‑like in appearance, the fruit is not edible and may irritate skin.

By fall, the pods dry and turn brown. Each capsule contains four large, flat seeds—two per chamber—and splits open at the base to eject them forcefully. Gardeners who wish to collect seed often bag the pods before they mature. The plant grows readily in rich, moist soil and full sun, and can be started from seed once the soil warms. Its vines can cover arbors, fences, and walls with a temporary curtain of foliage and flowers, though its vigorous growth can overwhelm small shrubs and young trees. Because it self‑seeds freely, pulling young plants early in the season is the simplest way to keep it in check.

Sources:

Flora of North America – Echinocystis lobata

USDA Plants Database – Echinocystis lobata

Illinois Wildflowers – Wild Cucumber

Minnesota Wildflowers – Wild Cucumber

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Thinleaf Sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus)

Thinleaf sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus) is a native perennial of eastern and central North America, including Wisconsin. It usually grows three to six feet tall and often forms loose colonies through its rhizomes. The bright yellow flower heads are two to three inches across, each with eight to twelve rays around a brownish central disk. They appear in open clusters from late summer into early fall and draw a wide mix of pollinators.

The leaves are thin‑textured, lanceolate to ovate, and rough to the touch. They range from three to six inches long and one to three inches wide. Upper leaves are mostly opposite; lower leaves may shift to alternate. Stems are slender, smooth or lightly hairy, and branch near the top. Thinleaf sunflower favors partial shade to dappled sun and grows best in moist, well‑drained soils along woodland edges, thickets, and shaded slopes. Its late‑season bloom and colony‑forming habit make it a steady contributor to pollinator support in naturalistic plantings and restoration work.

Sources:

Flora of North America – Helianthus decapetalus

USDA Plants Database – Helianthus decapetalus

Illinois Wildflowers – Thinleaf Sunflower

Minnesota Wildflowers – Helianthus decapetalus

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Common Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale)

Despite its name, common sneezeweed won’t make you sneeze. The misnomer stems from historical use—its dried leaves were once used as snuff, prompting sneezing to supposedly rid the body of evil spirits. In reality, this vibrant native wildflower is a boon to Wisconsin’s late-season pollinators, not a trigger for allergies.

Thriving in moist, sunny habitats such as wet meadows and streambanks, Helenium autumnale grows three to five feet tall and bursts into bloom from late summer into fall. Each plant can produce up to 100 flower heads, each one to two inches wide, with 10 to 15 fan-shaped petals tipped in three distinct lobes. These surround a protruding, ball-like center of yellow-green disk florets. Its lance-shaped, stalkless leaves—up to two inches wide and six inches long—add to its robust presence in riparian and prairie-edge ecosystems.

The ecological value of sneezeweed is huge. Its nectar-rich flowers attract a diverse array of native pollinators, especially long-tongued bees like bumblebees and leaf-cutting bees. Syrphid flies and native wasps also frequent its blooms, contributing to pollination while offering pest control in surrounding habitats. Additionally, the plant serves as a larval host for the rigid sunflower borer moth (Papaipema rigida). In wet meadow communities, sneezeweed complements the needs of butterflies such as Duke’s Skipper (Euphyes dukesi), which rely on nearby native sedges for reproduction but benefit from the late-season nectar sneezeweed provides.

Sources:

USDA NRCS PLANTS Database – Helenium autumnale

Flora of North America – Helenium autumnale

Wisconsin State Herbarium – Helenium autumnale species account

Illinois Wildflowers – Common Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale)

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center – Helenium autumnale profile

Prairie Moon Nursery – Helenium autumnale

BugGuide – Papaipema rigida species information

Michigan State University Extension – Late‑season pollinator plants (includes Helenium autumnale)

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White Rattlesnake-Root (Nabalus albus)

Photo by Gary Kurtz

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Bottle Gentian (Gentiana andrewsii)

Photo by Jeff Nesta

Bottle gentian is a native perennial in Wisconsin, usually one to two feet tall and spreading about a foot or slightly more. Its flowers are one to one and a half inches long, deep blue to violet, tubular, and tightly closed even at maturity. The blooms cluster at the tips of the stems late in the season and are pollinated mainly by strong bumblebees that force their way inside.

The leaves are opposite, ovate to lanceolate, and attach directly to the stem without stalks. They are generally up to four inches long and about two inches wide, tapering to a pointed tip. The upper surface is smooth and shiny; the lower surface is similar but slightly duller. The margins are smooth. Bottle gentian grows in moist, rich soils and handles part shade to full sun. It is found in moist prairies, stream edges, floodplain forests, thickets, fens, and other wet to mesic habitats near water.

Sources:

USDA Plants Database – Gentiana andrewsii

Flora of North America – Gentiana andrewsii

Illinois Wildflowers – Bottle Gentian

Minnesota Wildflowers – Bottle Gentian

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Sawtooth Sunflower (Helianthus grosseserratus)

Sawtooth sunflower is a tall, native perennial common in prairies, meadows, and open roadsides. In good sun and moderately drained soils it can reach eight to twelve feet, rising on smooth stems that often show reddish or purplish tones. The flower heads are bright yellow and daisy-like, usually two and a half to four inches across, with ten to twenty rays surrounding a flat to gently domed disk of small tubular florets. These heads form loose clusters at the ends of branching stems late in summer.

The leaves are long and lance-shaped, typically four to twelve inches long and one to four inches wide. Lower leaves are mostly opposite; upper leaves shift to alternate. The upper surface is medium to dark green and rough, while the underside is paler and softly hairy. The margins are sharply toothed, giving the plant its common name. Sawtooth sunflower favors full sun and open ground, and its height and late-season bloom make it a strong contributor to pollinator activity in tall grass habitats.

Sources:

Illinois Wildflowers

USDA Plants Profile

Flora of North America

Minnesota Wildflowers

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Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)

Canadian goldenrod is a herbaceous perennial that usually grows two to five feet tall, sometimes reaching six feet in richer soils or sheltered edges. The stems are erect and generally hairy, though the lower portions can be less so. Even with those hairs, the stem feels smooth in the hand. When you run your fingers upward, it has a firm, even surface rather than the gritty drag found on tall goldenrod. The upper leaf surface behaves the same way. It may be a little rough from short hairs, but it isn’t abrasive. That smooth‑to‑lightly‑textured feel is one of the most reliable cues for Canada goldenrod in southern Wisconsin, holding steady across subspecies, soil types, and weather.

The flowering panicles are large, plume‑like, and often more than five inches long. Small yellow flower heads line the arching branches, giving the plant its familiar sweeping shape. Bloom time runs from late summer into early fall, and the species draws a wide range of pollinators — native bees, butterflies, beetles, and wasps.

Leaves are alternate, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, typically three to six inches long and up to an inch wide. Margins are sharply serrated. The upper surface is usually roughened by short hairs, while the underside is paler and may be sparsely hairy. Leaf hairiness varies among subspecies, which explains why some guides describe the underside differently. Even so, the tactile cue remains consistent: the leaves feel firm but not gritty.

Canadian goldenrod grows in many soil types but is most common in medium‑texture soils with moderate organic matter. It thrives in full sun and tolerates mesic to moderately dry conditions. You’ll find it in prairies, old fields, roadsides, rail corridors, and open meadows. It does occur along waterways, but it is not a species of consistently wet ground — that role belongs more to Solidago gigantea.

Sources:

Illinois Wildflowers – Solidago canadensis

Flora of North America – Solidago canadensis

USDA Plants Database – Solidago canadensis

Minnesota Wildflowers – Canada Goldenrod

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Cream Gentian (Gentiana alba)

Photo by Judith Kozminski

Cream Gentian usually reaches one to two feet in height, occasionally a bit taller in rich black‑soil prairie ground. The flowers are tubular, about an inch to an inch and a half long and roughly three‑quarters of an inch across. They are white to greenish‑white, sometimes yellowish‑white, with five pointed tips that stand erect at the mouth of the corolla.

The leaves are opposite and strongly clasp the stem. They are ovate to broadly lanceolate, sometimes nearly elliptic, and generally one to three inches long. The margins are smooth. A prominent midvein runs the length of each leaf, with two secondary veins that curve toward the margins.

Cream Gentian is most common in mesic to slightly dry prairies, including black‑soil prairies, and in open savannas. It also occurs in sandy oak openings, limestone glades, and rocky uplands. It grows in full sun to light shade and favors moist to average soils rather than consistently wet ground.

Sources:

Illinois Wildflowers

Flora of North America

USDA Plants Database

Prairie Moon Nursery

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Tall Boneset (Eupatorium altissimum)

Tall boneset is a perennial plant that typically grows two to six feet tall, forming upright clumps that broaden slowly but usually stay within one to two feet across. Its small, star-shaped flowers are about 1/8 inch across, dull white, and form large, flat-topped clusters that can reach up to eight inches wide. The leaves are lanceolate and opposite, generally two to six inches long and about an inch wide. They may have shallow teeth along the margins and are often covered with fine hairs, giving them a slightly rough texture. Tall boneset thrives in dry upland prairies, open woods, thickets, clearings, and fields throughout eastern and central North America. It prefers dry to medium-moisture, well-drained soils and is frequently found in disturbed areas, where it can form loose colonies over time.

Sources:

Flora of North America – Eupatorium altissimum

Wisconsin State Herbarium – Eupatorium altissimum

USDA Plants Database – Eupatorium altissimum

Illinois Wildflowers – Tall Boneset

Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses – Tall Boneset

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Flat-top Aster (Doellingeria umbellata)

Flat-top aster (Doellingeria umbellata) typically grows two to five feet tall, forming upright clumps that broaden slowly but usually stay within one to two feet across. Its small, daisy-like flowers are white with yellow centers, each about 1/2 to 3/4 inch across, arranged in flat-topped clusters at the tops of the stems. The leaves are three to six inches long and 1/2 to 1 inch wide, lanceolate-elliptic, with smooth margins, a medium to dark green upper surface, and a pale green to whitish underside. Flat-top aster thrives in full sun to partial shade and prefers moist to wet soils. It is commonly found in wet sand prairies, damp thickets, wet meadows, and along the borders of swamps. It grows well in slightly acidic, sandy loam soils and tolerates a range of moisture conditions as long as the site remains consistently damp.

Sources:

Flora of North America – Doellingeria umbellata

Wisconsin State Herbarium – Doellingeria umbellata

USDA Plants Database – Doellingeria umbellata

Prairie Moon Nursery – Flat-top Aster

Illinois Wildflowers – Flat-topped White Aster

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Jumpseed (Persicaria virginiana)

Jumpseed is an herbaceous perennial that typically reaches two to three feet in height. Its flowers are very small, about 1/8 inch long, ranging from white to greenish white, sometimes with a faint pinkish tint. These flowers are spaced along a slender, spike-like raceme that can be four to 16 inches long. The leaves are generally oval with a sharply pointed tip, growing up to seven inches long and four inches wide. They are medium green on the upper surface and a lighter, somewhat silvery green underneath. Jumpseed thrives in rich, moist soils and is most often found in shaded or partially shaded habitats such as woodlands, woodland edges, and thickets. It also grows along riverbanks, rocky slopes, and shaded cliffs, where the soil stays consistently damp.

Sources:

Flora of North America – Persicaria virginiana

Wisconsin State Herbarium – Persicaria virginiana

USDA Plants Database – Persicaria virginiana

Illinois Wildflowers – Jumpseed

Minnesota Wildflowers – Jumpseed

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Elm-leaf Goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia)

Elm-leaved goldenrod is a keystone plant—part of a genus that supports over 100 species of butterfly and moth caterpillars, making it vital to the food web that sustains birds and other wildlife. Caterpillars are among the most important foods for nesting birds. In bloom, this powerful perennial also draws a wide array of native bees, along with flies, wasps, and nectar-seeking beetles. Its seeds feed birds like eastern goldfinches and tree sparrows, and its presence in woodland edges contributes to the layered architecture that shelters countless other species. Though often overlooked, S. ulmifolia is a cornerstone of late-summer ecology.

Elm-leaf goldenrod typically grows to a height of 1 to 3 feet, occasionally reaching up to 4 feet. Its small, yellow flowers form dense clusters along arching stems, with each flower head measuring about 1/8 inch across. The leaves are thin, coarsely toothed, and resemble those of an elm tree. The lower leaves are 2 to 4 inches long and 1/2 to 2 1/4 inches wide, ovate to lanceolate in shape with serrated margins. As they ascend the stem, the leaves become smaller and more lance-shaped. Elm-leaf goldenrod thrives in a variety of habitats, including mesic to upland woodlands, woodland edges, thinly wooded bluffs, edges of limestone glades, partially shaded riverbanks, and thickets. It prefers light shade to partial sun and can tolerate moist to somewhat dry soil.

Source list (with spaces between entries)

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Endangered Resources Program

UW–Madison Herbarium – Wisconsin State Herbarium Species Accounts

Flora of Wisconsin – Solidago ulmifolia Species Page

USDA NRCS PLANTS Database – Solidago ulmifolia Profile

NatureServe Explorer – Solidago ulmifolia Conservation Status

Minnesota Wildflowers – Solidago ulmifolia Description

Illinois Wildflowers – Solidago ulmifolia Ecological Notes

Prairie Moon Nursery – Solidago ulmifolia Species Profile

Prairie Nursery – Elm-leaf Goldenrod Species Description

Tallgrass Prairie Center – Woodland and Savanna Plant Ecology

Butterflies and Moths of North America – Host Plant Records for Solidago Species

Xerces Society – Pollinator Use of Late-Season Woodland Plants

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Virgin’s Bower (Clematis virginiana)

Virgin’s bower is a vigorous native vine that plays an important role in Wisconsin’s moist woodlands and streamside habitats. Its fragrant late-summer blooms support bees, butterflies, and other pollinators when few other natives are flowering, while its dense foliage offers nesting cover for songbirds and erosion control along banks. Though its foliage is avoided by mammals, such as deer and rabbits, its adaptability and fast growth make it a valuable addition to restoration projects, especially when paired with other moisture-loving natives.

It can grow up to 20 feet tall. Its small, white, and fragrant flowers are about 1/2 inch across, featuring four petal-like sepals that are slightly hairy on the upper surface and more densely so on the lower. The leaves are compound, typically in groups of three leaflets, with each leaflet reaching up to 4 inches long and 3 inches wide. These leaflets are often shallowly lobed or cleft, with coarsely toothed edges, sharply pointed tips, and a rounded to heart-shaped base.

Sources:

Flora of North America — Authoritative species treatment

Illinois Wildflowers — Habitat notes and flower size

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center — Distribution and morphology

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Stiff Sunflower (Helianthus pauciflorus)

Stiff sunflower is a native perennial found in Wisconsin. Its late-summer blooms offer a rich nectar source for native bees, butterflies, and beetles, while its seeds provide food for birds and small mammals. As a rhizomatous perennial, it helps stabilize soil and form dense colonies that suppress invasive species, making it a valuable ally in prairie restoration. Its rough foliage and sturdy stems also offer shelter and nesting material for insects.

It can grow up to six feet tall. Most of the ones I've seen, though, are two to four feet tall. The flowers are yellow and measure 2 to 3-1/2 inches across. They have 10 to 25 petals (ray flowers) surrounding a usually purplish-brown center disk. The bracts are short, wide, and flattened, usually with a dull point at the tip and short hairs around the edges. The stems are bristly and turn reddish-brown with age. They are mostly naked and branching. The leaves are two to 10 inches long and 3/4 to 2-1/4 inches wide. They are typically shaped like the tip of a spear, with a very rough texture. The leaves are short-stalked to stalkless and have shallow, widely spaced teeth along the edges. Stiff sunflowers are are commonly found in dry or drying prairies, roadsides, and open woods. They prefer full sun and well-drained soils.

Sources:

Flora of North America — Helianthus pauciflorus

Wisconsin State Herbarium — Helianthus pauciflorus

USDA Plants Database — Helianthus pauciflorus

Minnesota Wildflowers — Stiff Sunflower

Illinois Wildflowers — Stiff-leaved Sunflower

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Yellow Giant Hyssop (Agastache nepetoides)

Yellow giant hyssop is a tall, native perennial of Wisconsin’s savannas and rich woodlands, where it contributes steady mid‑ to late‑season nectar for bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Most plants grow five to six feet tall, with pale yellow flowers held in dense vertical spikes that may reach four to sixteen inches. Individual blossoms are small, about a third of an inch long. The opposite leaves are thin, coarsely toothed, and somewhat egg‑shaped with a rounded base, often up to six inches long and three inches wide on long stalks. The species favors mesic, fertile soils in part shade but can tolerate full sun when moisture is reliable. In Wisconsin it appears in savannas, open woods, thickets, meadows, and along fencerows, thriving in moist to moderately dry conditions without extending into truly dry uplands or saturated wetlands.

Sources:

Wisconsin State Herbarium — Agastache nepetoides specimens

Flora of Wisconsin — Agastache nepetoides entry

USDA Plants Database — Agastache nepetoides profile

Illinois Wildflowers — Yellow Giant Hyssop

Minnesota Wildflowers — Agastache nepetoides

BONAP — Agastache nepetoides county distribution map

NatureServe Explorer — Agastache nepetoides species account

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Stiff Goldenrod (Solidago rigida)

Stiff goldenrod is a native perennial found across Wisconsin’s prairies, sand prairies, dry fields, and open savanna edges. It grows three to five feet tall and carries bright yellow flower heads in dense, flat-topped clusters. Individual flowers measure about 3/8 inch across, and the full inflorescence spans two to five inches. The leaves are thick, stiff, and somewhat leathery, with basal leaves reaching up to ten inches long and five inches wide. Lower stem leaves are oblong and can reach eight inches, while upper leaves are lance-shaped and stalkless.

Ecologically, stiff goldenrod is an important late-season nectar source for native bees, butterflies, hoverflies, and soldier beetles. Some specialist pollinators rely on goldenrod species exclusively. After blooming, the plant produces fluffy seeds that persist into winter, feeding goldfinches and other small birds. Its upright stems add structure to prairie and savanna habitats, offering perches and shelter for wildlife.

Its deep, fibrous roots help stabilize soil and improve structure, especially in degraded or disturbed areas. Stiff goldenrod supports the larvae of several moth species and contributes to overall insect diversity, though it is not a primary host for the familiar goldenrod galls seen on other species. Its tolerance for dry, sandy, and rocky soils makes it a resilient choice for restoration projects, biodiversity corridors, and formal plantings where ecological function matters.

Sources

Flora of North America – Solidago rigida

Wisconsin State Herbarium – Solidago rigida

USDA Plants Database – Solidago rigida

Prairie Moon Nursery – Solidago rigida

Illinois Wildflowers – Stiff Goldenrod

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